Exploring the Potential of Plant-Based CTB-INS Oral Vaccines in Treating Type 1 Diabetes

The 19th century saw the development of vaccines, which were biological preparations designed to enhance immunity against specific diseases. Edible vaccines function by stimulating both systemic and mucosal immune responses foreign pathogens, they may potentially protect host from autoimmunity. surfaces provide a convenient rapid route for delivering therapeutic small molecules. This is due their large surface areas easy administration. effectiveness immunization relies on fact that mucous membranes represent body’s largest immunogenic organ. Within this interface, there well-organized lymphatic structure known as MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), includes T B cells encompasses adaptive arms system. Oral specifically stimulate in gut-associated tissue (GALT), consists lymph nodes, Payer’s patches (where make up about 75% population account approximately 20%), isolated follicles within gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, significant challenge developing degradation antigens harsh environment digestive tract, hampers effective protein delivery GIT. In light recent proteomic analysis revealing strong up-regulation tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO1) DCs inoculated with Cholera toxin B-subunit-Insulin fusion vaccine (CTB-INS), we are interested investigating effects transgene integration into selected plant cell an edible vaccine.